Carbon & it's compounds class 10th science

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Formation of Covalent Bonds



1.  Single Covalent Bonds:  

• Formation of Hydrogen molecules:                   The atomic number of hydrogen is 1. Hence, hydrogen has one electron in its K shell & it requires one more electron to fill the K shell. So the two hydrogen atoms share their electrons to form a molecule of hydrogen. This allows each hydrogen atom to attain the stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas, helium, which has two electrons in its K shell. We can depict the formation of diatomic molecule of hydrogen using dots or crosses to represent valence electrons involved in sharing. Such structures of molecules are known as electron dot structures.

The shared pair of electrons is said to constitute a single bond between the two hydrogen atoms. A single bond is also represented by a line between the two hydrogen atoms.
Since, each hydrogen atom shares one electron to form Hydrogen molecule, thus the valency of hydrogen is 1. That is hydrogen is monovalent.

• Formation of Chlorine Molecule:
Atomic number of chlorine is= 17
 Electronic configuration= K   L   M
                                                2    8     7

Chlorine has a seven electron in its outermost shell M shell. Thus, It, requires one more electron to complete the M shell, so two chlorine atoms share one electron each to form a diatomic molecule of chlorine. This allows each chlorine atom to attain the stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas, argon. The electron dot structure chlorine molecule. 
The shared pair of electrons constitutes a single Covalent bond between the two chlorine atoms which is also represented by a single line between the two chlorine atoms. The three pairs of electrons on each chlorine atom that are not involved in bond formation are known as lone pairs. Since, each chlorine atom shares one electron to form chlorine molecule thus, the valency of Chlorine is 1. Chlorine is monovalent.

• Formation of Hydrogen chloride Molecule, HCl
Atomic number of hydrogen= 1
Electronic configuration= K
                                                1
Hydrogen requires one more electron to attain the stable Noble gas electronic configuration.
 Atomic number of chlorine= 17 
  Electronic configuration= K   L   M
                                                  2   8    7
Chlorine requires one more electron to acquire the stable noble gas electronic configuration. In order to become stable, hydrogen & Chlorine to attain its duplet & chlorine to attain its octet. The electron dot structure of hydrogen chloride Molecule. Since chlorine atom & hydrogen atom share one electron to form HCl molecule, thus, valency of HCl is 1.  That is, HCl is also monovalent.



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